Shamsa Rasool
MA(3C)
220064
Assignment: Grammar and Syntax
Submitted to: Ma'am Anila Gil
Date;1st July 2021
Topic: A comparison of subordinate clauses in English and
in another language e.g Urdu Punjabi Pashto etc
Subordinate Clauses
A subordinate clause is a clause that cannot stand alone. It
is not independent. Remember that an independent clause has a subject and a
verb and expresses a complete thought-it can stand alone. A subordinate clause
has a subject and a verb, but it cannot stand alone. It doesn't express a
complete thought.
A subordinate clause is different from a phrase. A phrase is
a group of related words, but it doesn't have both a subject and a verb. A
subordinate clause has a subject and a verb. But it doesn't express a complete
thought. Another word for subordinate is dependent. Sometimes you will hear
these clauses called dependent clauses.
Examples of Subordinate Clauses:
1. Because I said so (I=subject; said=verb)
2. When I was five (I=subject; was=verb)
3. Since it will rain today (it=subject; will rain=verb)
4. Who is my best friend (not written as a
question-who=subject; is=verb)
5. If you pass the test (you=subject; pass=verb)
Types of subordinate clause;
There are three major types of sub-ordinate clause
1:Relative clause
Definition of 'relative clause'
In grammar, a relative clause is a subordinate clause that
specifies or gives information about a person or thing. Relative clauses come
after a noun or pronoun and, in English, often begin with a relative pronoun
such as 'who', 'which', or 'that'..Relative clause is one kind of dependent
clause. It has a subject and verb, but can't stand alone as a sentence. It is
sometimes called an "adjective clause" because it functions like an adjective Relative clause gives us more
about nouns. They function rather like adjectives and are found as postmodifiers in a noun phrase. The noun that is modified. A relative clause always
begins with a "relative pronoun", which substitutes for a noun, a noun
phrase, or a pronoun when sentences are combined. The relative pronouns are the
words who, whom, which and that. Some relative clauses are not used to define or
identify the preceding noun but to give extra information about it.
Examples of Relative clause
میں ایسے ریسٹو رینٹ میں کھانا نہیں کھاوں گی جسکے باورچی سگر یٹ نوشی کرتے۔
1)I won't eat in a resturant whose cooks smoke.
In these sentences, the relative pronoun Whose is present in
the same position both in Urdu and in English.
کل وہ دن تھا جب سب کچھ غلط ہو گیا تھا۔
2)Yesterday was the day when everything went wrong.
In the above example, the helping verb "was"
auxiliary comes before the verb "went" and the relative clause
"when" in English but in Urdu, it is present in the last of the
sentence. Relative pronoun when is in the same position in both.
کیا تم اس لڑکی کو جانتی ہو جس نے پچھلے ہفتےگریڈ ٦ میں تعلیم شروع
کی۔
3)Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week.
In this example, the relative clause is present in the same
positions. The verb "started" comes after the helping verb
"in" Urdu but before in English.
Compliment clause
A complement clause is a clause that complements, or
completes, the meaning of a noun, adjective, or verb. For example, 'Mary saw
what the man dropped.' In this sentence 'what the man dropped' completes the
meaning of the verb 'saw.' Another example of a sentence with a complement
clause is: 'The jacket that Bob wore is black.' In this example, 'that Bob
wore' completes the meaning for the noun 'jacket.' Below is a list of words
that are commonly placed at the beginning of this type of clause.
That
If
When
Whenever
Whatever
What
After
مجھے پتہ چلا کہ وھ گاڑی چلا سکتی۔
1)' I learned that she could drive.'
In the given example the complement clause is present in the
same positions.
سکول چھوڑنے پر میں سٹور گیا ۔
2)' I went to the
store when I left school.'
In this sentence complement clause when is present is on the
same positions.
The verb "went" is present before the compliment clause
in English but after in Urdu.
میری نے دیکھا کہ آدمی نے کیا گرایا؟
3)Marry saw what the man dropped.
In this sentence the verb "saw" is present before
the compliment clause "what" in both English and Urdu.
علی نے جو جیکٹ پہنی وہ کالی ہے۔
4)The jacket that Ali wore is black.
In the above example the complement clause "that"
is present before the verb "wore" in both English and Urdu.
Adverbial clause
An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as
an adverb. That is, the entire clause modifies a verb, an adjective, or another
adverb[citation needed]. As with all clauses, it contains a subject and
predicate, though the subject, as well as the (predicate) verb, may sometimes be
omitted and implied.
An adverbial clause begins with subordinating
conjunction—sometimes called a trigger word. (In the examples below the
adverbial clause is italicized and the subordinating conjunction is bolded.)
Mary, the aspiring actress, became upset as soon as she saw
the casting list.
(subject: she; predicate: saw the casting list; the clause
modifies the verb became
He talked carefully in order to appear fair.
He talked carefully in order .. [that 'he'] appear fair.
We left the convention the day before.
(adverbial phrase; contains no subject or predicate)
We left before the speeches.
(adverbial prepositional phrase; contains no subject or
predicate—and no verb (action) is implied)
We left after the speeches ended.
(adverbial clause; contains subject and predicate)
We left after the speeches.
or, (".. after the speeches [ended]")
(adverbial clause; contains subject and predicate, but the
verb 'ended' is omitted and implied)
Example
اسکے کھانہ بنانے سے پہلے مہمان چلے گہے۔
1)Before she completed the cooking the visitors had left.
In this example, the adverbial clause "before"is
present before the verb is completed. The auxiliary had is present after the verb
cooking.
وہ خوش نہیں تھی کیونکہ وہ لسٹ نہیں بنا سکی ۔
2)She was not happy, because she could not make the list.
In this example, an adverbial clause is in the same position in
both English and Urdu. The auxiliary was is present before the verb makes.
جب تک آپ تعاون کریں گیں کوئی مسلہ نہیں ہوگا۔
3)As long as you cooperate, there would be no problem.
In the example, the adverbial clause is present in the same
positions in both.