Literature; Literature is derived from the Latin words ‘’litera’’ means letter or handwriting. Literature is a written expression or creative writing of recognized artistic value. Or Anybody of written works that are written and produced in any country, language, or age for a specific purpose such as information, education, or entertainment to the reader which can be fictional or non-fictional in nature. Quality of literature is atheistic and artistic called oral literature. Features of literature Text; Every meaningful text and coherent written expression, which doesn’t have aseptic and artistic value is called text For example. Newspaper sermons, advertising text catalogues and short text etc. Genre; The categories used to group different literary works such as poetry, fiction and nonfiction etc. Discourse; The word discourse is derived from the Latin word discourses means running and forms. Any written or spoken communication that share thematic or...

Plot: A literary term used to describe the events that make up a story or the main part of a story. These events relate to each other in a pattern or a sequence. The structure of a novel depends on the organization of events in the plot of the story. The term plot refers to the way a story unfolds in text or the way in which the story was written. According to Aristotle (384-322 BC), a plot (mythos) needs to have a beginning, middle, and end. To analysis, a plotline is divided into four main stages: Exposition: This is the beginning of the story, where the characters and setting are established. The conflict or main problem is introduced as well. Complication or Conflict: Is the struggle or clash between opposing characters or force? A conflict is an event, circumstance, person, or personal characteristic that stands in the way of a character pursuing a goal, even if that goal is simply survival. Climax: The climax occurs when the conflict is at its peak and when there seems to be no v...

  Fiction A literary work that is written about imaginary characters and events is based on imagination, not on reality. For example Plays, poems, short stories, etc. Epic A long narrative poem is usually related to the heroic deeds of a person of unusual courage and unparalleled bravery whose actions reflect the ideals and values of a certain culture, nation race, or religion. Epic concern the universal address such as good, evil life, and death. For example, Iliad and Odyssey ( 7 century BC) by Homer, Anneid Virgil's ( 70-19 BC), and Paradise Lost 1667 by John Milton. Features of an Epic poem Lengthy, depiction of character, narrative structure plot pattern, etc. Romance A narrative genre in literature that involves mysterious, adventures or spiritual storylines that focus on a quest that involves bravery and strong values. OR A prose or verse story depicting heroic or marvelous deeds, romantic exploits usually in a historical or imaginary setting. it is also ...

John Ruskin is critical of a society in which they become poorer and the rich, richer. What social reforms does he propose for the economic relief of the poor class?   John Ruskin, an esteemed art critic, social critic, and social reformer, was highly critical of a society characterized by growing poverty among the working class and increasing wealth among the rich. Recognized as a master of English prose, Ruskin possessed a remarkable command of the language, employing a flexible instrument that blended personal and impersonal elements. His writing style was characterized by simplicity, devoid of excessive ornamentation or ambiguity. Notably, Ruskin's writing featured lengthy sentences, where complex structures and embedded sentences were employed to convey his ideas effectively. Moreover, he often utilized biblical references to strengthen his arguments. Born during the industrial age, Ruskin observed a society that appeared to prioritize development, stability, prosperity, ...

BIOGRAPHY OF USMAN ALI Usman Ali is one of the most prominent literary figures in the circle of Pakistani playwrights born in Mandi Bahauddin district. He is the product of the end of the 20th-century influences of post-war, post-colonial, postmodern, and Pakistani literature. He did his M.Phil. in literature from Punjab University and served as a researcher on the Mandi Bahauddin campus of the University of Sargodha. He is generally considered a keen observer. ANALYSIS OF THE LAST METAPHOR The Last Metaphor is a post-colonial piece of writing. The style of this drama is similar to English, American, and Russian, but this is a typical Pakistani by the dint of its characters, surroundings, and writer. The play thematically as well as the portrayal of characters, the dialogues, and the discussions show that it is more relevant to the theatre of the absurd. In fact, it is a philosophical discussion. Basically in the drama, the writer has lamented several social evils that are taking place...

Literature constantly evolves as new movements emerge to speak to the concerns of different groups of people and historical periods. Absurd, literature of the (c. 1930–1970):  A movement, primarily in the theatre, that responded to the seeming illogicality and purposelessness of human life in works marked by a lack of clear narrative, understandable psychological motives, or emotional catharsis. Samuel Beckett’s  Waiting for Godot  is one of the most celebrated works in the theatre of the absurd. Aestheticism (c. 1835–1910):  A late-19th-century movement that believed in art as an end in itself. Aesthetes such as Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater rejected the view that art had to possess a higher moral or political value and believed instead in “art for art’s sake.” Angry Young Men (1950s–1980s):  A group of male British writers who created visceral plays and fiction at odds with the political establishment and a self-satisfied middle class. John Osborne’s play ...